Namely Mirambo the African Ruler Essay -- essays research papers

Namely Mirambo, was born in Uyowa in East and Central Africa in between 1870 and 1880, the son of the Mtemi clan an ordinary person but later his name was spread over shore of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. His father was Kasanda, son of Mtula and Mtula was son of Mgandu and Mgandu was son of Mlolwa. Mirambo was determined to build a large army to capture more countries and spread his authority wider, his name called Mbula. The name Mirambo had not yet been given to him. Mirambo was very tall, he was brown and stooped slightly, he is one of the most handsome Africans. His body appears to be composed entirely of muscle, brownish, his height is above average. He is no smoke or drunk. Firstly he attacked Bunzali, he was yet in experienced in war. He call a mighty man called Mwana Magonho to teach Mbula the art of war. Mbula demonstrated his skill by killing many people. When the mighty man saw this he was surprised and he gave the name Mirambo to him. From that day Mbula was known by the name of Mirambo and his people began to be called Warambo. Mirambo’,s soldiers were given the name of ruga-ruga. The ruga-ruga’,s weapons were guns and pistols. All these weapon came from the eastern coast. Mirambo used to send rich trader to go with elephant tusks and exchange them for guns and powder. The Arab of the eastern coast used to barter guns and gunpowder for ivory. When Mirambo went with his army to sack a settlement, he approached carefully, when he was near he gave the order to the rugaruga to attack. Mirambo himself with his guards threw themselves into the battle. Men were killed, women were taken prisoner and sent to Urambo to be married off. Young men were taken and devided into groups, that is to learn the art o... ...lness of the throat which he had had for long time. When he saw that his illness was getting worse he sent people to call Father Lourdel to bring him medicine. But when the Father arrived he found Mirambo already dead in his camp since the previous day. A Protestant Missionary called Charles Stokes mentions the illness and even the actual date of Mirambo’,s dead. At the time Stokes was working for the Church Missionary Society. Mirambo dead on Tuesday, the 2nd of December 1884 of acute laryngitis. He dead at the seat of the war in which he was engaged in reducing one of his chiefs who had rebelled for some years. Mirambo died when he was between the age of 44 and 54 or in his prime. Although Mirambo had built up an empire between the great lakes Victoria and Tanganyika he had no time to establish his rule. He died before he had time to set up a lasting empire. Namely Mirambo the African Ruler Essay -- essays research papers Namely Mirambo, was born in Uyowa in East and Central Africa in between 1870 and 1880, the son of the Mtemi clan an ordinary person but later his name was spread over shore of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. His father was Kasanda, son of Mtula and Mtula was son of Mgandu and Mgandu was son of Mlolwa. Mirambo was determined to build a large army to capture more countries and spread his authority wider, his name called Mbula. The name Mirambo had not yet been given to him. Mirambo was very tall, he was brown and stooped slightly, he is one of the most handsome Africans. His body appears to be composed entirely of muscle, brownish, his height is above average. He is no smoke or drunk. Firstly he attacked Bunzali, he was yet in experienced in war. He call a mighty man called Mwana Magonho to teach Mbula the art of war. Mbula demonstrated his skill by killing many people. When the mighty man saw this he was surprised and he gave the name Mirambo to him. From that day Mbula was known by the name of Mirambo and his people began to be called Warambo. Mirambo’,s soldiers were given the name of ruga-ruga. The ruga-ruga’,s weapons were guns and pistols. All these weapon came from the eastern coast. Mirambo used to send rich trader to go with elephant tusks and exchange them for guns and powder. The Arab of the eastern coast used to barter guns and gunpowder for ivory. When Mirambo went with his army to sack a settlement, he approached carefully, when he was near he gave the order to the rugaruga to attack. Mirambo himself with his guards threw themselves into the battle. Men were killed, women were taken prisoner and sent to Urambo to be married off. Young men were taken and devided into groups, that is to learn the art o... ...lness of the throat which he had had for long time. When he saw that his illness was getting worse he sent people to call Father Lourdel to bring him medicine. But when the Father arrived he found Mirambo already dead in his camp since the previous day. A Protestant Missionary called Charles Stokes mentions the illness and even the actual date of Mirambo’,s dead. At the time Stokes was working for the Church Missionary Society. Mirambo dead on Tuesday, the 2nd of December 1884 of acute laryngitis. He dead at the seat of the war in which he was engaged in reducing one of his chiefs who had rebelled for some years. Mirambo died when he was between the age of 44 and 54 or in his prime. Although Mirambo had built up an empire between the great lakes Victoria and Tanganyika he had no time to establish his rule. He died before he had time to set up a lasting empire.

Criminal Justice Trends

Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation A number of past, present, and future trends exist in regard to the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. Conducting an analysis of each of these trends provides an understanding of the value of the criminal justice system and also how it adapts to an ever-changing society. Law enforcement agencies can make predictions for the future of the criminal justice system by placing an emphasis on the developments of the system over the past few decades. Past, Present, and Future TrendsIn the late twentieth century, a number of so called, â€Å"forgotten figures† struggled for an identity and also for equality. Women’s liberation movements began to portray the manner in which the criminal justice system viewed men who committed crimes to include sexual assault as punishments were minimal or at times perhaps even nonexistent for the crime. The media also rarely ack nowledged women who were victims of sexual assault, those of which also had to where to turn to for support or refuge. African Americans, gays, and also soldiers are others who struggled with finding an identity in society hence also within the criminal justice system.During the 1960s, victims’ rights movements began addressing those issued faced by these groups as the criminal justice system often overlooked the needs of each. Each group’s voice was believed not to be heard and at times each was also treated much differently than those who were not of minority by the system. Toward the end of the twentieth century the Victims’ Bill of Rights was passed in 22 states, allowing victims to have a voice hence express their view during courtroom proceeding, during sentencing, and also during parole.Other laws, acts, and policies were also implemented as a prohibition of unfair treatment for all members of society. The criminal justice system continues to expand polic ies and laws to protect society of individual rights and also from the law itself. Technological advances are other past, current, and future trends that should be taken into consideration as past technologies did not possess the capabilities the system has today. For example, the advancement of DNA testing has allowed for the conviction and also release of some individuals who may have been imprison for years and for crimes he or she did not commit.Technological advances have made it possible to convict many more individuals guilty of crimes than even in the past. The same technologies are also responsible for freely those who have been wrongly accused. Such advances have a direct impact on the manner in which the criminal justice system develops and also operates as courtroom judges may order a suspect to DNA testing; otherwise some states have the authority to do so. Years ago, the opportunity to provide such testing did not exist whatsoever which lead to the conviction of many i ndividuals who were in fact innocent of committing particular crimes.The criminal justice system today is an implementation of reappraisals of policies, procedures, and practices of prior decades. As society continues to expand its thinking and mentality concerning issues to include gays and women’s rights, the criminal justice must also in a sense expand its mentality and adjust to a changing society. For example, a decline of women within the criminal justice system may be because women now have the accessibility to similar programs men were entitled to, including educational programs, and also community-based programs. Criminal Justice Trends It is important for us to understand past, current, and future trends throughout the criminal justice system. Trends allow us to identify areas that need to be addressed so we may be equipped to handle them better. Society depends of the criminal justice system in many ways to offer them a sense of justice, safety, and peace of mind. Within this paper I will discuss past, current, and future trends and how it affects and changes our criminal justice system.I will also address recent and future trends and contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system, as well as the values of the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends Even though to most it may not seem like it, the criminal justice system has come a long way in its dealings with the public. In the past the criminal justice system was viewed as a faceless machine that acted independently of the areas it charged to look after.It seemed that it was better to stay detached from the public in order to rem ain biased in their judgment and to keep their professional appearance. By studying past trends we not only were able to see trends in criminal behavior as well as having the ability to try and create possible projections on why it could lead but, we were also able to view the interaction between the criminal justice system and those it served. Both the criminal justice system and the general public realized the need for cooperation between the two to better the results.Society has always and will always be changing and it is only through ongoing efforts and partnerships within the community that the criminal justice system can stay informed and better understand how to combat criminal trends. By understanding trends in the past and considering how certain criminal events began and where they are now, the criminal justice system has been able to gain a wealth of knowledge about illegal activity and how different attempts to control or stop the actions have worked or failed.By examin ing the patterns of criminal activity and looking at the response is to the different tactics used to prevent them the criminal justice system can actually derive betters means to control possible criminal growth or be better suited to handle the events as they arise. Current Trends There are many current trends that the criminal justice system faces as far as criminal activity is concerned. Increased violence and drug related offences are just two of the many obstacles that they face. Another trend that is developing is the public’s move towards privatized protection.There are a growing number of individuals and families that have begun seeking out more protection than what is offered by the local police department. Residents prefer to now have their own security in place something that is gear specifically towards them. I do not feel that this move comes from distrust in the criminal justice system to fulfill the task however, with the growing relationship being developed b etween communities and law enforcement now see what challenges the local law enforcement agencies have to overcome on a daily basis. With this in mind, the public has begun to move to the privet sector for personal and home security.Moving to gated communities in order to restrict traffic into their neighborhoods as well as neighbors coming together to employ security guards is a sure sign that the public sees that the growing challenges of law enforcement are causing them to strain their resources very thin in order to keep up with criminal activities over large areas. They also realize that regular patrols in their neighborhoods for long periods is something that many local law enforcement agencies can no longer provide so, many other areas have started working with the police departments to form neighborhood watches.This is a program that brings communities together with the common goal of protecting their neighborhood and their families. Home security systems, cameras and motion detecting lights around the home, fences, gated communities, privet security and patrols, neighborhood watches, and building community awareness along with the local law enforcement agencies have been beneficial to law enforcement in cutting down the amount of activity in small neighborhoods and communities allowing them to focus on other areas as well as having the advantage of having extra eyes and ears in several different areas.Future Trends As the growing demands of crimes continue to over burden law enforcement, we will continue to see the utilization of privet sector security by the public. Future trends can often be seen and planned for by following trends from the past and present. For example; (past drug trend) drugs are easy to manufacture and move making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. Current drug trend) drugs are still easy to manufacture and the demand has steadily increased making it very difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. (Poss ible predicted future trend? ) Drugs continue to grow presenting an ever growing and evasive element for law enforcement agencies to try and control. By following the trend we can see that drugs are going to continue to grow but, this shows us that it will take a continuing effort and therefore plans can be put into action now to aid in future the future growth. Criminal Justice Trends Criminal Justice Trends CJA/484 3/17/2013 David Sanders Jr The criminal justice system is always changing to help secure and protect society. Even though many times areas of law enforcement are over looked due to changes, the facts still remain that the number one priority of law enforcement is to see that the streets that we walk during the day and night are safe and secure even though one main ingredient has been lost with the progression of law enforcement.So in this paper I will focus on evaluate a few areas that have to deal with the past, present and future trends of law enforcement. I will also sum things up and discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have on law enforcement, courts and corrections. Now when looking at the past efforts of law enforcement and the way that they went about doing their job it can be concluded that law enforcement were more engaged with the people in the community because they went about doing their job totally different then the way that it’s done in today’ s society.The reason why is because in the late 1800’s and beginning of the 1900’s many people felt safe in secure in their own homes because they knew that they were being protected and taking care of because law enforcement agents walked the streets and made their presence known. The community worrying about being violated was the least of their concerns because they knew that the law was on their side and watching everything that was going on.One way in particular that made the community feel safe had to do with the fact that that law enforcement agents would walk, stop, and talk to the people in the community and get to know them by name and take advantage of the conversation on how they could serve them better. Simply put the community knew the police and the police knew the community. So with that being said a relationship was able to be formed to make the community and the police one because each party wanted the same thing which was to see that justice is uphel d.Law enforcement also relied on the community to be its eyes and ears and help them to solve a crime that had taken place and which the community had no problem doing. However moving onto the present time of law enforcement and the birth of technology becoming more prominent the intimate care given towards the community started to go down to the point where the community no longer trust the police and the police no longer knew how to connect back to the community anymore.With that being said this brings us to the present trends of policing and the birth of technology and how law enforcement has lost its connection that it once had with the community. The birth of technology has helped law enforcement a great deal because it has help to speed up criminal proceedings and also has helped to eliminate wasted man hours to actually find the guy or woman that has committed the crime in question. However on the other hand the birth of technology has stripped away the very core that has mad e law enforcement trust worthy which was its ability to connect with the community.The reason why I say that the trust of law enforcement has been taking away is because there isn’t any more foot patrols done, Law enforcement agents are riding around in cars now neglecting the interaction with the community, but most importantly making the community believe that they really don’t care about them which makes the community not trust them or want to help them. However moving forward and to not bash the officers that have sworn to protect us they’re still some good that has come out with the birth of technology that has taking away the connection that law enforcement once had with the community.One example in particular is that of surveillance cameras that are now all over the place that helps aid law enforcement to be able to see faces of individuals that have committed a crime and gain leads as to who they’re looking for. Law enforcement have also gotten be tter at communicating with one another with the use of 2 way radios to ensure that criminals are apprehended quicker and with using qualitative research to get the right criminal the first time around.But with every positive there is a negative the same technology the law enforcement use to catch the criminals, the criminals are using that same technology to avoid being caught, which also goes back to the point that if law enforcement didn’t abandon the relationship that they once had with the community that the community would be willing to talk and help them out because with every crime committed there is always somebody watching. Moving forward when looking at the future trends of law enforcement it can be said that it’ll probably be better than present day law enforcement ecause they would be able to see what they did wrong and try to improve on it. The reason why is because with progression there is always improvements made on things that were done wrong. For inst ance law enforcement losing touch with the community in present day will be something that I believe would be primarily focus on to get back because stopping and preventing crime is a team effort and law enforcement cannot do it on its own. Even with all the technology in the world nothing can take the place of interaction and receiving information from someone that has actually saw the crime being committed.Surveillance tapes can catch the person in action but they do tend to miss the little details that can bring a criminal to justice much quicker then somebody seeing the crime taking place and reporting it. This is why I feel that for the future law enforcement would engage in getting back to its roots and trying to regain that trust that they one had from the community so that they can work hand and hand together to see that crime is cut down to a minimal or cut down for good.Finally the last point that I’ll like to discuss is the budgetary and managerial impact that futu re trends will most likely have on law enforcement, courts and corrections. This impact will most likely happen in the form of according to the National Center for State Courts the budget getting out of control and the government having to use its efforts to bail it out.The reason why is because with times changing law enforcement, courts and corrections are going to have to constantly stay ahead and have the technology that they need to keep the crime at its lowest and with that happening managing the funds will be hard to do. Crime is not going to stop because law enforcement does not have them money to keep up its going to actually get worse and thrive off of it In conclusion there are many ways to look at the change that has occurred when it comes to policing because in some areas it could be for good where and other areas it could be bad.The reason why is because the past, present and future trends of policing will and continue to be very different from one another. The reason why is because the days are long gone as to where police officers walked up and down community blocks talking to individuals and getting to know them, understand them and overall building their trust. To where know everything is fast paced and police officers are riding in cars and using radios and talking on phones due to the growth of technology.In it can even be said that with the growth of technology that it destroyed the police and community relationship. However with the future of things fast approaching it can also be said that with that relationship lost that it can be gained again because even though technology took it away technology can help make things right because with the growth of it crimes will be able to be solved much more quicker and give the police officer more time to make things right with the community that they had neglected.However one thing in particular that will never change and never go away is the value that police officers hold in the community and in society because without them there would be total madness because there would be no order and no one to enforce the laws to maintain such order that society needs to have to function. References 1. Cetron, Dr. M. J. & Davies, O. 2008) 55 Trends Now Shaping the Future Of Policing http://www. au. af. mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/proteus-55-policing. pdf 2. Craig D. Uchida (2004) The Development of American Police an Historical overview http://www. globalcitizen. net/data/pages/1418/papers/2009042815114290. pdf 3. 2012 National Center or State Courts http://www. ncsc. org/Topics/Financial/Budget-Management/Resource-Guide. aspx

The Northern Lights - 2820 Words

The Northern Lights I hardly see how one can begin to consider Shakespeare without finding some way to account for his pervasive presence in the most unlikely contexts: here, there, and everywhere at once. He is a system of northern lights, an aurora borealis visible where most of us will never go. Libraries and playhouses (and cinemas) cannot contain him; he has become a spirit or spell of light, almost too vast to apprehend. Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human I don’t expect this short paper to reach the northern lights. I don’t think my mind can travel that far, and a plane ticket is probably too expensive. After three months of study, Shakespeare has exhausted me. I realize many scholars spend their whole†¦show more content†¦Though an illusion, Dover occupies a place in the text, and the play moves towards it. Goldberg writes, The stage would be, whether we were at Dover Cliff or not, flat; language would tell us to see it otherwise (148). Thus, Edgar invents this stage. The two protagonists, Lear and Gloucester, find themselves converging within this theatrical space. The space is real and, at the same time, not real. Here is the aurora borealis. In Act 4 Scene 6, Dover exists in Edgar’s imagination. He describes this environment to blind Gloucester who is positioned to have a false experience. Goldberg writes, The illusion of continuous space rests upon what cannot be seen, on exhausting the limits of sig ht and arriving at what is ‘too small for sight’ (146). Thus, Dover is a space that moves outside human vision and, at the same time, within it. Dover represents the world of the playwright. In this world, the playwright may invent anything he chooses: from steep cliffs to hideous fiends. Dover is an endless stage of possibilities, the writer’s imagination, and a place of creativity. Dover is the northern lights almost too vast to apprehend (Bloom 3) unless you suddenly find yourself there by some mistaken chance. I stood in the sand surrounded by ice plants waiting nervously for my cue. I wore torn pants, a dirty shirt, and no shoes. I had a thick red beard, and my hair was knotted with bush stickers. I pacedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Philip Pullman’s novel, Northern Lights, offers an impressive alternative reality which has similarities with the present day, and differences too. The story starts in Jordan College in Oxford but it is an Oxford unlike ours: the technology and the culture of the people give the impression that it is set in the late 19th century. It is a fundamentally different universe in several respects - most evidently, all humans haveRead More The Northern Lights Essay2033 Words   |  9 Pages The Northern lights are poetry, they are natures light show, and they are quantum leaps in the oxygen atom. They are elementary particle physics, superstition, mythology and fairy tales. The northern lights have filled people with wonder and inspired artists; they have frightened people to think that the end is at hand. More exact explanations of the phenomenon could not be given until modern particle physics were developed, and knowledge about details in the earth’s magneto sphere has been basedRead MorePullmans Ideolgy in Northern Lights1420 Words   |  6 Pageswhich adults impose consciously or not their own ideologies on children. Adults are exercising power because they write and children read. I will discuss Peter Hunt’s article ‘Instruction and Delight’ with reference to Philip Pullman’s novel Northern Lights. Children now days are introduced to ideas which used to be kept from them. As if the society wants to stop children from being children any more. The ideology in children literature make children grow up quickly and unfortunately childrenRead MoreReview : Northern Lights Casino Essay2383 Words   |  10 PagesReview 5 – Northern Lights Casino Review Northern Lights Casino General Information While many people are divided on a wide variety of subjects, gamblers will easily agree on one thing – new and fresh drives the casino online gaming world forward. Without the idea of â€Å"new,† the industry would get pretty old pretty quick, so the arrival of fresh, new, innovative online casino brands are definitely something to celebrate. Northern Lights Casino is one such new casino that is making waves, creatingRead MoreManagement Project : Northern Lights College2061 Words   |  9 Pages Name – Gurpreet Singh Student ID – 0050657 Management 204 (Mid – term) Northern Lights College, Fort St John 1. This will affect to the cost production of the company or in other way it would be more difficult for the company to sell food products if there price are higher than other company. Moreover, to operate this operation company need to spend some more money on hiring new staff. There are some other area of human resource management will affect like training to exited staff, compensationRead MoreMinessota: The Beautiful Glowing Phenomenon of the Northern Lights591 Words   |  2 Pagesfavorite destination that you must make sure to visit is the beautiful glowing phenomenon of the Northern Lights. These amazing lights can be viewed year long, but are most visible during the autumn and winter time when the Northern Hemisphere nights are at their longest. Make sure to choose a spot where the skies are clear and the night is dark without any trees that can block the view. The Northern Lights can be seen closest up north to the North Pole as you can. Watch as the smokey painted skylight sRead MoreThe Failure Of Northern Rock In The Light Of Banking Economics And Regulation2245 Words   |  9 PagesThe Failure of Northern Rock in the Light of Banking Economics and Regulation Introduction Increasing global connectivity and integration in today’s world ensures that almost any serious problem has worldwide ramifications. The global financial system can serve as a key example of this phenomenon. Very recently, Britain’s fifth-largest mortgage lender Northern Rock was rescued by emergency funding from the Bank of England. This made the Newcastle-based firm the highest profile UK victim of theRead MoreThe Failure of Northern Rock in the Light of Banking Economics and Regulation2304 Words   |  10 PagesThe Failure of Northern Rock in the Light of Banking Economics and Regulation Introduction Increasing global connectivity and integration in today’s world ensures that almost any serious problem has worldwide ramifications. The global financial system can serve as a key example of this phenomenon. Very recently, Britain’s fifth-largest mortgage lender Northern Rock was rescued by emergency funding from the Bank of England. This made the Newcastle-based firm the highest profile UK victim ofRead MoreHow Does The Color Of The Lights?1437 Words   |  6 Pages The northern lights, although very pretty, also serve a higher purpose in terms of protecting our planet. These dancing colorful lights are the result of physical reactions within our planet’s atmosphere. In this paper, we will be exploring this reaction among others and uncovering how this simple reaction benefits our planet. Northern lights have been around since the beginning of time but have only been started being studied in the late 1850’s and only fully understood in the 1980’s. Since thenRead More The Sun and Its Features Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagessolar maximums in the year 2000, and this maximum affected the conditions on earth. For example, the aurora borealis, or Northern Lights we see in the sky are much brighter during a solar maximum. They are also more spread out over the sky. In normal years the northern lights can only be seen over the poles, but during a solar maximum they are visible to much of the northern United States and Europe. Aurora borealis is caused by the solar wind that blows off the corona of the sun. The temperature

Americas Roadside Architecture of the 1950s

Googie and Tiki are examples of a Roadside Architecture, a type of structure that evolved as American business and the middle class expanded. Particularly after World War II, travel by car became part of the American culture, and a reactive, playful architecture developed that captured Americas imagination. Googie describes a futuristic, often flashy, Space Age building style in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. Often used for restaurants, motels, bowling alleys, and assorted roadside businesses, Googie architecture was designed to attract customers. Well-known Googie examples include the 1961 LAX Theme Building at the Los Angeles International Airport and the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, which was built for the 1962 Worlds Fair. Tiki architecture is a fanciful design that incorporates Polynesian themes. The word tiki refers to large wood and stone sculptures and carvings found in the Polynesian islands. Tiki buildings are often decorated with imitation tiki and other romanticized details borrowed from the South Seas. One example of Tiki architecture is the Royal Hawaiin Estates in Palm Springs, California. Googie Features and Characteristics Reflecting high-tech space-age ideas, the Googie style grew out of the Streamline Moderne, or Art Moderne, the architecture of the 1930s. As in Streamline Moderne architecture, Googie buildings are made with glass and steel. However, Googie buildings are deliberately flashy, often with lights that would blink and point. Typical Googie details include: Flashing lights and neon signsBoomerang and palette shapesStarburst shapesAtom motifsFlying saucer shapesSharp angles and trapezoid shapesZig-zag roof lines Tiki Architecture Has Many of These Features Tikis and carved beamsLava rockImitation bamboo detailsShells and coconuts used as ornamentsReal and imitation palm treesImitation thatch roofsA-frame shapes and extremely steep peaked roofsWaterfallsFlashy signs and other Googie details Why Googie? Googie should not be confused with the Internet search engine Google. Googie has its roots in the mid-century modern architecture of southern California, an area rich with technology companies.  The Malin Residence or Chemosphere House designed by architect John Lautner in 1960 is a Los Angeles residence that bends mid-century modern stylings into Googie. This spaceship-centirc architecture was a reaction to the nuclear arms and space races after World War II. The word Googie comes from Googies, a Los Angeles coffee shop also designed by Lautner. However, Googie ideas can be found on commercial buildings in other parts of the country, most noticeably in the Doo Wop architecture of Wildwood, New Jersey. Other names for Googie include Coffee House ModernDoo WopPopuluxeSpace AgeLeisure Architecture Why Tiki? The word tiki should not be confused with tacky, although some have said that tiki is tacky! When soldiers returned to the United States after World War II, they brought home stories about life in the South Seas. The best-selling books Kon-Tiki by Thor Heyerdahl and Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener heightened interest in all things tropical. Hotels and restaurants incorporated Polynesian themes to suggest an aura of romance. Polynesian-themed, or tiki, buildings proliferated in California and then throughout the United States. The Polynesia fad, also known as Polynesian Pop, reached its height in about 1959 when Hawaii became part of the United States. By then, commercial tiki architecture had taken on a variety of flashy Googie details. Also, some mainstream architects were incorporating abstract tiki shapes into the streamlined modernist design. Roadside Architecture After President Eisenhower signed the Federal Highway Act in 1956, the building of the Interstate Highway System encouraged more and more Americans to spend time in their cars, traveling from state to state. The 20th century is filled with examples of roadside eye candy created to attract the mobile American to stop and buy. The Coffee Pot Restaurant from 1927 is an example of mimetic architecture. The Muffler Man seen in the opening credits is an iconic representation of roadside marketing still seen today. Googie and Tiki architecture is well-known in southern California and associated with these architects: Paul Williams, designer of thousands of mid-century modern homes in southern California, may be best known for the LAX Theme Building, shown on this page bathed in Walt Disney colored lightingJohn LautnerDonald Wexler, designer of many mid-century modern homes in Palm Springs, California, is known for designing the Royal Hawaiin Estates in the early 1960sEldon DavisMartin Stern, Jr.Wayne McAllister Sources LAX Theme Building designed by Paul Williams, Los Angeles airport photo by Tom Szczerbowski / Getty Images Sport / Getty Images (cropped)The Royal Hawaiian Estates, Palm Springs, California, photo  © Daniel Chavkin, courtesy Royal Hawaiian EstatesThe Malin Residence or Chemosphere House Designed by John Lautner, 1960, photo by ANDREW HOLBROOKE / Corbis Entertainment / Getty Images

The Theory of Evolution Essay - 1353 Words

The ongoing scientific investigation of how exactly evolution occurred and continues to occur has been an argumentative idea amongst society since Darwin first articulated it over a century ago. The scientific basis of evolution accounts for happenings that are also essential concerns of religion; both religion and science focus on the origins of humans and of biological diversity. For instance, in the reading â€Å"Truth Cannot Contradict Truth,† Pope John Paul II, addressing the Pontifical Academy of Science, discussed the matter of God as creator of man. The Pope explains that men cannot relate to animals because men are superior. The reasoning for that is because God created humans under his likeness. What the church is saying about mankind†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If no such variations exist, the population rapidly goes extinct because it cannot adapt to a changing environment† (O’Neil, 1998-2013). Scientists call this reproductive success.  "Within a specific environment context, one genotype will be better than another genotype in survival or reproduction for certain reasons having to do with the way its particular features relate to the environment or relate to other organisms within the population† (Futuyma, 2000-2014). The theory of evolution is explicable through various kinds of scientific research. In the science of paleontology, the history of life is studied. Paleontologists study fossils to learn the past ecologies, evolution, and the origins of humans. In order to understand the processes that have led to both the origination and destruction of organisms since life began, paleontologists incorporate both scientific knowledge and studies. Fossil findings are critically important for confirming predictions of evolution theory. Of the many discoveries that are made yearly to add depth to the understanding of evolution, an example is a recent discovery of a creature they named Tiktaalik. The Tiktaalik was uncovered to be a transitional animal between shallow-water fishes and limbed animals. The creature supports the idea that it emerged from both mammals and reptiles, suggesting that the two are related. These findings support prediction of evolution, contradicting the belief that GodShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Evolution And Evolution1685 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Since Charles Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection in this best-known work, On the Origin of Species, controversy has followed. As a (computer) scientist, this student has no personal problem with the theory of evolution. However, since the debate of whether or not evolution actually exists is still alive and well today, a brief exploration of the arguments against is not only interesting, but also increasingly necessary. Why is there such disparity over this topic overRead MoreEvolution And Theory Of Evolution2859 Words   |  12 Pages come up with a variety of theories to answer the age old question, â€Å"Where do we come from?† The theory of evolution is just one of the many theories written over the centuries that attempts to answer this question; however, it holds the distinction of being the only theory accepted as scientifically true in today’s world. This paper will discuss the theory of evolution in detail; topics addressed include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as wellRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution754 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION The Theory of Evolution By Student’s Name Name of University Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been a topic of controversy since it was promulgated in the late 1800s. Nonetheless, its tenets remain strong, with many modern day scientists making discoveries that support Darwin’s theories of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest. In The Origin of Species, Darwin calls the process of natural selection or survival of the fittest, the preservationRead MoreThe Theories Of The And Evolution756 Words   |  4 Pagesexplained the concept of growth and evolution, Freud theorized explanations for our suppressed cognition, Archimedes ran out of a bathtub yelling Eureka once he established the concept of density, and many other renowned scientists provided substantial theories to explain common associations within everyday life. These brilliant researchers gave reason to the term â€Å"why†. They provoked curiosity, established ideologies, and generated scientific laws that define logic. Evolution, adaptation, and developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Evolution1802 Words   |  8 Pagesproduced mankind. However, the philosophical theory of evolution has no solid evidence, whereas creation can be proven. Science is supposed to be based on observation, right? The best theories satisfy the test of expe rimentation. No one can test if evolution happened. Non one can prove that evolution actually happened. But what evidence can we place against evolution? In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, introducing the theory of evolution. One hundred and fifty-six years laterRead MoreEvolution Versus Creation And The Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution versus creation is one of the most controversial topics that have ever been exposed to the world. Scientist and creationist both argue that their perspective is more right than the other. In reality both sides don’t know the exact truth behind the creation of the world. Evolution is the process in which something changes into something different and typically resulting in it becoming more complex and better formed. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, suggested a theoryRead MoreTheory of Evolution Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesso there was no need for evolution; hence, there was no sign of evolution from the beginning. Since sin came into the world, man has been deceived into thinking there is evolution. We are not talking abou t the theory of evolution that says man started from an amoeba or as an ape and eventually began to walk upright; not that evolution, but evolution in the sense of development. There are developments in the earth and therefore it can be considered as a form of evolution, but truly would it be classifiedRead MoreEvolution Of A Evolutionary Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is descent with modification, a phrase Darwin used in proposing the at Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different The power of evolution as a unifying theory is its ability to explain and connect a vast array of observations about the living world. Aristotle believed that life forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity. Each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted space. Darwin argued that classification should be based onRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution Essay553 Words   |  3 PagesBiological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supportedRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and The Theory of Evolution Essay - 1353 Words There is no debate that the worlds first power of surviving relies on evolution, to a point where one does not have to look outside the box to witness it ... theyre sitting on it. Many have mistaken the term Evolution with a state of randomness, an improvement or even a biogenesis. Others have related it to the origins of the universe, a social Darwinism that resulted in a massive diversity regarding theory and ideology. While people choose to rest their bodies on a chair in attempt to find an answer to its definition, some have rested their minds and accepted the fact that it only means change over time. Its no question that life on earth is related through common descent and has been changing for a long time, yet the real conflict†¦show more content†¦history. It is now safe to say that Le Corbusier is to modern architecture what Christopher Columbus is to the world: the hero of the heroic period. Around that time, Le Corbusier was the dominant force in not only architectu ral schools, but all over the world. His name was pronounced by all tongues and people learned, studied and analyzed his innovations to a point where he became the obsession of everyone whose mind and heart connect to architecture. His name was the first letter of the architectural alphabet. Now what our parents have taught us all in our early childhood is not to believe everything we are told... I know, you too believed everything you were told. According to Wikipedia, modernism is: - The notion that Form follows function, meaning that the result of design should derive directly from its purpose - Simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of unnecessary detail. - Materials at 90 degrees to each other. - Visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements) - The related concept of Truth to materials, meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen rather than concealed or altered to represent something else. - Use ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Evolution And Evolution1685 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Since Charles Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection in this best-known work, On the Origin of Species, controversy has followed. As a (computer) scientist, this student has no personal problem with the theory of evolution. However, since the debate of whether or not evolution actually exists is still alive and well today, a brief exploration of the arguments against is not only interesting, but also increasingly necessary. Why is there such disparity over this topic overRead MoreEvolution And Theory Of Evolution2859 Words   |  12 Pages come up with a variety of theories to answer the age old question, â€Å"Where do we come from?† The theory of evolution is just one of the many theories written over the centuries that attempts to answer this question; however, it holds the distinction of being the only theory accepted as scientifically true in today’s world. This paper will discuss the theory of evolution in detail; topics addressed include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as wellRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution754 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION The Theory of Evolution By Student’s Name Name of University Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been a topic of controversy since it was promulgated in the late 1800s. Nonetheless, its tenets remain strong, with many modern day scientists making discoveries that support Darwin’s theories of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest. In The Origin of Species, Darwin calls the process of natural selection or survival of the fittest, the preservationRead MoreThe Theories Of The And Evolution756 Words   |  4 Pagesexplained the concept of growth and evolution, Freud theorized explanations for our suppressed cognition, Archimedes ran out of a bathtub yelling Eureka once he established the concept of density, and many other renowned scientists provided substantial theories to explain common associations within everyday life. These brilliant researchers gave reason to the term â€Å"why†. They provoked curiosity, established ideologies, and generated scientific laws that define logic. Evolution, adaptation, and developmentRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Evolution1802 Words   |  8 Pagesproduced mankind. However, the philosophical theory of evolution has no solid evidence, whereas creation can be proven. Science is supposed to be based on observation, right? The best theories satisfy the test of expe rimentation. No one can test if evolution happened. Non one can prove that evolution actually happened. But what evidence can we place against evolution? In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, introducing the theory of evolution. One hundred and fifty-six years laterRead MoreEvolution Versus Creation And The Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution versus creation is one of the most controversial topics that have ever been exposed to the world. Scientist and creationist both argue that their perspective is more right than the other. In reality both sides don’t know the exact truth behind the creation of the world. Evolution is the process in which something changes into something different and typically resulting in it becoming more complex and better formed. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, suggested a theoryRead MoreTheory of Evolution Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesso there was no need for evolution; hence, there was no sign of evolution from the beginning. Since sin came into the world, man has been deceived into thinking there is evolution. We are not talking abou t the theory of evolution that says man started from an amoeba or as an ape and eventually began to walk upright; not that evolution, but evolution in the sense of development. There are developments in the earth and therefore it can be considered as a form of evolution, but truly would it be classifiedRead MoreEvolution Of A Evolutionary Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is descent with modification, a phrase Darwin used in proposing the at Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different The power of evolution as a unifying theory is its ability to explain and connect a vast array of observations about the living world. Aristotle believed that life forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity. Each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted space. Darwin argued that classification should be based onRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution Essay553 Words   |  3 PagesBiological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supportedRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and

Positive Psychology †a Well Lived Life Free Essays

What constitutes a well-lived life? Defining the meaning of life and the conditions, traits and features of a well-lived life is a question that throughout history engrossed theologians, philosophers, artists and, more recently, positive psychologists. This essay outlines findings from a selection of the literature and research to answer this question with the aim of identifying whether happiness is the true sign and the ultimate goal and marker of a well-lived life. This review of the literature has yielded findings that possessing a disposition towards gratitude is not only indicated to be present in a well-lived life, but can enhance and improve mental, physical and spiritual life outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology – a Well Lived Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The different research models used to explain, measure and identify the markers of a well-lived life are briefly outlined, and finally further research directions are indicated to expand understanding about how gratitude affects life satisfaction outcomes in specific populations. A challenge in researching this topic is that the literature describes happiness and well-lived in terms that are used by different researchers interchangeably and inconsistently. In this essay and in accordance with the literature reviewed, the terms happiness and the well-lived life are used synonymously. Definitions A problem with defining a well-lived life is that the terms well-being and happiness (Frey, 2011; Kristjansson, 2010), and the good life and happiness (Dunn Brody, 2008) are used by researchers interchangeably. Indeed Diener (2000) notes that the very term well-being has come to be known in common usage as happiness. Seligman (2011, pp 420) notes that sometimes the terms happiness and well-being define emotions whilst at other times refer to activities. This ambiguous terminology has caused some to criticize Positive Psychology but, as both Lazarus (2003) and Kristjansson (2010) point out, precise definitions to describe a well-lived life have also eluded philosophers and other academics for over 2,000 years. Imprecision of terminology aside, many have attempted to describe the conditions required to nurture a good or well-lived life. Some researchers have described the good life as one full of the hedonistic pursuit of frequent positive experiences (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schkade, 2005). Others have described it in terms of the result of employing unique talents to achieve abundance (Seligman, 2002), whilst still others have argued that the good life involves personal growth (Bauer, McAdams, Sakaeda, 2005). Seligman (2002) argues that these descriptions are all valid because there are different pathways to happiness, although it is by combining them that one lives a full or well-lived life. He describes these pathways as the pleasant life, concerned with hedonistic pursuits, the good life, concerned with gratification of desire and the meaningful life, using ones talent to serve a higher purpose (Seligman Royzman, 2003). Research Findings And Challenges Early studies involved in identifying precisely what elements contribute to life satisfaction involved field research with participant self-reported satisfaction ratings recorded against a range of factors (Diener, 2000; Lazarus, 2003; Lyubomirsky et al. , 2005). Self reported satisfaction ratings are problematic because they are, as noted by Kristjansson (2010), by their very nature subjective. People in difficult situations can report themselves as living a good life, whereas people who are in happier circumstances can report themselves as having low life satisfaction. Additionally the factors used to measure life satisfaction are problematic because what some would consider critical to a well-lived life may be anathema to another (Bauer et al. , 2005) or not supported by the participants culture (Diener, 2000; Peterson, Ruch, Beermann, Park Seligman, 2007). Further research is indicated to firstly identify what factors are actually desired in a good life, rather than simply measuring and reporting happiness levels (Kristjansson, 2010). Diener’s (2000) and Peterson et al. 2007) findings appear to support Kristjansson’s suggestion (2010). Both research studies identified significant cross country differences not only in the rates of life satisfaction but also the factors rated as important to life satisfaction. The findings appear to indicate that individualistic cultures, or those that place high value on individual choice and desires, and collectivist cultures, where the needs of group are paramount, prioritise factors contributing to life satisfaction differently (Diener, 2000). By way of example, Diener (2000) notes that participants from collectivist cultures may sacrifice personal desires for the common good, and this is not a normative feature of individualistic cultures. Diener further notes that sacrifice in collectivist cultures may, in fact, benefit the individual by providing them with the knowledge they are performing their duty. The concept of personal sacrifice as a factor affecting life satisfaction does not appear to be studied in the literature reviewed for this essay. Despite the significance of the findings in both studies, the researchers note a limitation of their design is that is that they relied upon self-selected participants who were motivated enough to complete the survey (Diener, 2000; Peterson et al. , 2007). This may have resulted in bias. Conclusions concerning differences in cross cultural impacts upon life satisfaction levels and factors are not unanimous. A study conducted by Linley, Joseph, Harrington and Wood (2006) found no significant difference in life satisfaction ratings or factors amongst participants from different cultures, ages or gender. A limitation of this research however, as noted by the authors, is that the study only included a small number of countries with participants who could speak and respond in English (Linley et al. , 2006). It may well be that the participants who responded to the survey were Westernised. Linley et al. (2006) indicate that the study should be repeated using a multi-lingual questionnaire so that participants are drawn from a wider sample. The Social Component of a Well Lived Life Examining the literature outlining models related to a well-lived life yields important clues towards determining the ultimate signs of a well lived life. The three pathways model of a full life which includes the pleasant life of hedonistic pursuits, the good life full of desire gratification and the meaningful life (Seligman Royzman, 2003), has been criticized because the model could be applied to the non ethical, such as drug dealers, as well as those engaged in more ethical activities alike (Kristjansson, 2010). Seligman (2000) noted this as a possibility but argues this is not problematic because science is not concerned with morality. Morality aside, anti-social activities do not necessarily promote relationships and research indicates that a well lived life does indeed involve actions that promote positive social relationships (Bauer et al. , 2005; McCullough, Kimeldorf Cohen, 2008; Peterson et al. , 2007). One way that Kristjansson (2010) suggests that the thorny issue of morality and psychology could be overcome is by applying values to define those behaviours that fall outside of societal norms, although this may result in other issues if these norms are restrictive. Although Kristjansson is not a psychologist, the idea that a well-lived life should involve societal norms does seem to be supported by Diener (2000) who suggests that societal pressures do have some bearing upon individual life satisfaction reporting. Building on the concept that a life satisfaction includes a social component, Bauer et al. (2005) argue that a well lived life includes social experiences and the ability to ascribe those experiences to a positive meaning. They go on to explain that in psychological terms this translates to having a balance between social interactions and having positive feelings about them (Bauer et al. 2005). These findings imply that there is indeed a social element to a life well lived which is supported by further research. Peterson et al. (2007) found that the sociable character traits such as gratitude have strong effects upon life satisfaction. Indeed Peterson et al. (2007) note that social character traits such as gratitude are more strongly c orrelated with life satisfaction than the three pathways to happiness (Seligman Royzman, 2003, pp 153). Gratitude As with a well-lived life, gratitude is not easily defined (Wood, Froh Geraghty, 2010). Although gratitude is variously described as an emotion, a trait and an action, nevertheless the literature indicates that a grateful disposition tends to be positively associated with happiness and a well-lived life (McCullough, Emmons Tsang, 2002; McCullough et al. , 2008; Wood, Joseph Maltby, 2008). Typically, gratitude is described as a response that occurs after the receipt of something perceived as positive due to the prosocial actions of another (Emmons McCullough, 2003). Aware of the limitations of previous field research, Emmons and McCullough (2003) attempted to apply a study design that randomly assigned participants to different treatment conditions. They found a difference in mean well being scores across gratitude treatment groups from the comparison group, although less than expected, concluding that gratitude tended to increase psychological, social and spiritual well-being. One of the limitations noted in the study design (Emmons McCullough, 2003), however, was that the study period was only three weeks long which ay not have been long enough to identify changes in responses. This limitation has been commented upon by others (Lazarus, 2003). Indeed, Lazarus (2003) notes in particular that the lack of longitudinal studies in Positive Psychology studies concerning life satisfaction makes it difficult to identify causation and track precisely how different circumstances affect individuals, whatever the factors that contribute to a well lived l ife. Kristjansson (2010) notes that this is not a problem unique to studies of well-lived lives. Wood et al. 2010) noted that the definition of gratitude used in the Emmons and McCullough (2003) study did not include all of the things participants reported gratitude for that did not include a benefactor. He proposed that gratitude includes an eight level hierarchical life orientation including in ascending order; noticing and appreciating life could be worse, life is short, the present moment, engaging in ritual acts of thankfulness, admiring beauty, focusing on what one has, appreciating other people and reflecting upon what one has to be thankful for (Wood, et al. 2010). Using this expanded definition, Wood, linked gratitude to the Big Five traits, used to broadly describe human personality (Watson, Clark, Harkness, 1994) and that people who are grateful tend to be more agreeable, sociable, less neurotic, conscientious and extroverted. Commenting upon the benefits of gratitude, L yubomirsky et al. (2005) note that an attitude of gratitude appears to be incompatible with negative life feelings such as greed and envy. They note that appears to encourage individuals to reflect on experiences and social relationships in a positive way. It has also been suggested that gratitude appears to protect individuals from depression (Wood et al. , 2010) and support recovery from injury (Dunn Brody, 2008). Possible Future Research Directions The literature indicates several interesting areas for future research. The first, based on observations by Wood et al. (2010) is that there have been only a few studies studying the direct relationship between gratitude and happiness. Given the lack of longitudinal research to date as noted by Lazarus (2003) and alluded to by Emmons and McCullough (2003), it may well be promising to conduct intra-individual longitudinal research of the impact of gratitude on an individual’s perception of happiness when experiencing the normal stressors of daily living (Lazarus, 2003). It may also be useful to apply a longitudinal study to examine if the things that make one grateful change across cultures, ages and genders (Diener, 2000; Linley et al. , 2006; Peterson et al. 2007) although it would be highly recommended to avoid using self-selected participants in the study. Conclusion Defining a life well-lived and the factors associated with it is a problem that has defied easy explanation for philosophers and other academics across the ages. Much of the previous research has involved recording self-reporting by participants. Given this and the fact that the very nature of happiness and a life well lived is a subjective e xperience, it has been argued that a propensity for gratitude impacts on an individual’s ability to view their lives in a positive way, despite individual circumstances. It has also been argued that an attitude of gratefulness has several physical and mental benefits for the individual, although these studies have not yet examined precisely if the factors that make an individual grateful change across cultures and genders. Further research is indicated in this fascinating area, possibly using longitudinal studies to explore how gratitude enables individuals to view adverse circumstances differently over time. References Bauer, J. J. , McAdams, D. P. , Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the Good Life: Growth Memories in the Lives of Mature, Happy People. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 88, 203-217. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 1. 203 Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. Dunn, D. S. , Brody, C. (2008). Defining the good life following acquired physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 413-425. doi:10. 1037/a0013749 Emmons, R. A. , McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 84, 377-389. oi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 84. 2. 377 Kristjansson, K. (2010). Positive psychology, happiness, and virtue: The troublesome conceptual issues. Review Of General Psychology, 14(4), 296-310. doi:10. 1037/a0020781 Lazarus, R S. (2003). The Lazarus Manifesto For Positive Psychology And Psychology In General. Psychological inquiry, 14(2), 173-189. Linley, P. , Joseph, S. , Harrington, S. , Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi:10. 1080/17439760500372796 Lyubomirsky, S. , Sheldon, K. M. , Schkade, D. 2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review Of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. doi:10. 1037/1089-2680. 9. 2. 111 McCullough, M. E. , Emmons, R. A. , Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 82. 1. 112 McCullough, M. E. , Kimeldorf, M. B. , Cohen, A. D. (2008). An Adaptation for Altruism The Social Causes, Social Effects, and Social Evolution of Gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 281-286. Peterson, C. , Ruch, W. , Beermann, U. , Park, N. , Seligman, M. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156. doi:10. 1080/17439760701228938 Seligman, M. E. P. , Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Adapted and edited by Paul Quek. Retrieved from http://pq. 2004. tripod. com/happiness_three_traditional_theories. pdf Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Authentic Happiness. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from Ebook Library. Watson, D. , Clark, L. A. Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1). 18-31. doi:10. 1037/0021-843X. 103. 1. 18 Wood. A. M. , Joseph, S, Maltby, J. (2008) Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), pp 49–54 Wood, A. M. , Froh, J. J. , Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 2010, Vol. 30(7), pp. 890-905. How to cite Positive Psychology – a Well Lived Life, Essay examples

Biggest Challenges Facing Cisco Systems

Question: Discuss about the Biggest Challenges Facing Cisco Systems. Answer: Introduction: Cisco Systems was founded in 1984 in California by a husband and wife team from Stanford University. The husband came up with a way of connecting two local area networks in the departments where he and his wife worked, which were 500 yards across campus. The company has acquired a number of companies and made several strategic partnerships that have catapulted it to one of the most successful companies in the world. Its first product was shipped in 1986 and was an AGS router. The company went public in 1990. It made its first acquisition in 1993. The company also launched Ethernet switch, which has over 25000 customers and 700000 installed all over the world (Cisco, 2017). Cisco is a multinational company as it produces different goods and services and supplies them to many companies. It has patents in different countries. However, the ownership remains in the host country, which is the USA. Cisco has fully-owned subsidiaries operating in other countries. Cisco has been able to do this in Asia and has made Singapore the headquarters and transferred advanced technology to them (Cisco, 2017). Cisco also has marketing superiority as a multinational and they have been able to be the world's best to network solutions provider. Cisco operates under high efficiency. They use high technology like cloud computing. Globalization of Business-Liberalism Theory The theory of liberalism sees globalization as the market-led expansion of modernization. Liberals emphasize why it is necessary to construct infrastructure in institutions to support globalization. This has led to technical standardization. Cisco Systems has standardized technology in all its Singapore branches. It has also enabled administrative harmonization. Cisco Systems has a very solid organization structure that has enabled this to happen (Pooja, 2014). There are also translation arrangements and the companys website can be translated to suit language needs. The supporters of this theory neglect the social forces that lie behind the creation of technological and institutional foundations. It is not a satisfaction to say that these developments are natural human drives that lead to economic growth and political liberalization (Pooja, 2014). There are structural authority disproportions in the promotion of globalization and shaping its course. Singapore is a strategic location for Cisco Systems in Asia as it has even located its Asian headquarters there. Economic factors in Singapore affect Ciscos Internationalization process. Singapores Strategic Location makes it convenient for Cisco Systems to access a very large market (Hawksford, 2017). The airport at Changi serves over 15 million passengers yearly. It has been classified as the best airport in the world for over 20 years. This provides businesses like Cisco Systems with easy access to all the major Asian markets. Singapore has a good business environment hence attracting a lot of companies and businesspersons. Cisco systems have therefore been able to set up business easily in Singapore and gain from the good business environment (Hawksford, 2017). Singapore has an outstanding tax system. The corporate and personal rates are low. The country follows a single tier tax policy (Ambashi, 2017). Due to this Cisco Systems is able to maximize profits, as taxes charged are reasonable. The country is a one-stop center for companies that seek to manage their Intellectual Property Assets. Singapore is a party to major intellectual property treaties like the world intellectual property organization and the Madrid protocol (Hawksford, 2017). Cisco Systems have been able to take advantage of this by registering their trademark and being able to protect their Intellectual Property. Singapore has ensured that its labor force is highly attractive and productive; Businesses are therefore able to get efficiency as they get excellent workers. This has enabled Cisco Systems to acquire a highly motivated and productive workforce (Hawksford, 2017). This has greatly contributed to the performance of the company, as the workforce is highly skilled hence, processes run smoothly and effectively Porters Diamond Theory applied to Cisco Systems The Porter Diamond Theory is designed to help us get an understanding of competitive advantage that nations possess because of the factors that are available to them. It also explains how governments are able to act as catalysts to improve the position of a country in a globally competitive environment. The theory gives suggestions that a country can create factor advantages for itself such as having skilled labour, having strong technology industry and ensuring support of the government in the economy (Macklon, 2015). The theory is represented by a figure that resembles four diamond points. These points are related determinants, which are theorized as deciding factors of a countrys comparative economic benefits (Macklin, 2015). These factors include; the strategy of a firm, structure and rivalry, supporting industries, demand and factor conditions. The strategy of the firm, its structure and rivalry refer to the aspect that competition results in companies that strive in getting ways to add production and to come up with technological innovations. Competition has made Cisco come up with great technological innovations that have given it a technological advantage (Macklon, 2015). The company has come up with cloud solutions, Internet of things and software defined networking. Related supporting industries in the model give reference to companies that facilitate innovation through exchanging ideas with companies in the same industry Cisco Systems has been able to innovate through exchanging ideas with companies like UBS (Macklon, 2015). In March 2017, UBS and Cisco to hosted a tech talk on Internet of Things and applications. The company also formed a partnership with The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore. Demand conditions refer to the characteristics of the customer base in terms of products and this enables innovation and improvement on products (Macklon, 2015). Cisco Systems has been able to achieve this by coming up with products that fit into customer needs and trends. Foreign companies can use various strategies to enter into foreign markets. Firms can export indirectly by using domestic agents in those countries who will be paid commissions to sell products or services (Chand, 2014). They can also employ the distribution services of companies that already exist in the respective markets and have established distribution systems. The company can do direct exportation of products or services. The company will have to do marketing analysis, establish contracts, handles supply-chain issues and documentation (CaligiuriBonache, 2016). The company assigns distributors based in the country as they have the necessary resources. In Licensing, a foreign licensor gives a local licensee with access to the entire infrastructure that the company needs in exchange for compensation. The firm licensed is given exclusive rights for producing and marketing a product or service for a certain period. The licensor gets a royalty on the product or service sale (Jain Singal, 2014). This method is advantageous as the firm is able to enter a new market without too many investments. Franchising can occur via product/ trade name or business format. It involves a licensing agreement where services offered by the franchise are replicated in the foreign country through a franchise (Zhao, ParkZhou, 2014).A joint venture is when the multi-national enters into an agreement with a local company in the target country. It can either be contractual or equity. In a contractual agreement, the two companies get into a partnership to share the cost of investment, any risk factors and profits. An equity venture involves the formation of a very separate entity and the local and multinational company share ownership and control. This may happen due to complex legal procedures in the foreign country and it greatly reduces the risk for the multi-national company (MarinorMarinora, 2014). The advantage of this is that the local company knows the market well and regulations. Direct investment involves a firm entering the foreign market through investing in a manufacturing facility. The company has to commit capital and management and can acquire an already existing foreign facility or build a completely new one (Chand, 2014). Direct investment is the best option but very risky as in case the venture does not succeed the company loses many funds. How Cisco Entered Singapore Market Cisco entered the Singapore market through direct investment in 1994 through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Cisco Systems International B.V. and Cisco International Limited that distribute its products. They have introduced leading technologies over the years and have transformed how the citizens work and learn. It created Singapores first internet home in the year 2000.The company also developed strategic partnerships. They collaborated with 15 schools through Cisco networking Academy and trained over 46000 students (Cisco, 2013). The company also opened new regional headquarters in Singapore in 2014.The office is located in the vibrant Changi Business Park and houses over 1000 employees. The second one is through joint ventures. Cisco formed an alliance with Singtel in 2001 to market and develop advanced technological services for the region. This was the first strategic partnership between a local carrier and an equipment vendor. The companies marketed products and services together to key customer accounts. This brought several telecommunications services to Singapore, for example, the companies developed IP and Virtual Private Networks together, DSL technology was introduced and new networks that integrated voice, data and video (Cisco,2013). The companies also carried out an exchange program where they briefed each other on product and technological directions. The Engineers working for SingTel were also able to gain work experience in Ciscos technical assistance centers. This venture was key to Cisco as SingTel had a large presence in more than 19 countries in the Asian region. (Singapore business review, 2013). International Business Challenges Faced by Cisco Systems Cisco Systems faces various challenges when doing International Business. The first risk faced by Cisco Systems is a political risk. This can include challenges in regulatory programs. Governments keep changing laws and this can greatly affect business (Verbeke, KanoYuan, 2016). Another business challenge is financial limitations. The economic environment keeps changing hence affecting revenues (Delventhal, 2017). Already there is a prediction in falls on revenues for 2017.The orders from service providers have slumped and there is a decline in the traditional switching market. Another challenge being faced by Cisco is competitive concerns. It faces the competition of switches and routers. The company has however been losing customers to rivals like Huawei Technologies. Their market for switching has gone down from 58% to 56.8% and the router market went down from 48.8% to 44.8%.This is a great concern as in previous years routers and switchers have accounted for half of its revenue (Sun,2016). The company also faces technological challenges. There is a rise in cloud networking that relies mostly on software. These are cost-efficient than the ones that were based on hardware. Cisco still sells traditional equipment and this has hurt demand. The company has been overtaken by Arista Networks who achieved a double-digit growth due to the sale of software cloud networking (Sun, 2016). Cisco then placed a lawsuit on Arista to slow them down and resulting in them being banned from importing some products. Cisco Systems need to incorporate the global compact principle and sustainable development goals into their strategies so that they uphold their responsibility to people and the environment to enable long-term success. The first principle states that companies must support and respect human rights protection. Cisco Systems must ensure that it respects the human rights of its employees and the society as a whole. The second Principle is making sure that the company does not take part in human rights abuses (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Cisco must ensure that all employees have rights and they should not also partner with any company that abuses human rights as this will lead to reputational risk and affects business negatively. The third principle advice companies to uphold freedom of association and recognize the right to collective bargaining. Cisco Systems must ensure that it allows its staff to join unions and that they representation by unions. The fourth principle speaks about the elimination of any forced labor (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Cisco Systems must not engage in any forced Labour. The fifth principle talks about child labor being abolished. The company should not engage in any form of child labor. The sixth principle advocates for eliminating discrimination in respect to employment or occupation. Cisco systems must ensure that it develops a corporate culture that brings all stakeholders together and does not discriminate in any way. The seventh principle speaks about companies taking a precautionary approach to any challenges faced in the environment (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Cisco Systems must approach such challenges in a professional manner and should ensure that its business does not harm the environment and they should have responsible recycling or disposal methods. Principle number eight speaks about companies undertaking initiatives to improve greater environmental responsibility. Employees at Cisco should, therefore, be educated on this and the company should generally be responsible towards the environment. The ninth principle encourages environmental friendly technologies. When expanding and applying technology to its business, they have to ensure that, they are not harming the environment (Unglobalcompact, 2015). The tenth principle advocates for companies to work against corruption. Cisco systems must ensure integrity among employees and when dealing with customers. The company must maintain a high integrity. Under the sustainable development goals, Cisco Systems will also have to apply some principles to its business. Under the Poverty goal, it states that companies should respect the rights of its workers and apply innovation to provide solutions to eradicate poverty (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Cisco Systems can implement this by ensuring they serve communities affected by poverty well through coming up with products and services that serve them. Another sustainability goal is Gender Equality. Companies are encouraged to empower women. Cisco Systems gives equal opportunities to both men and women. Affordable and clean energy should also be a key priority for businesses. Cisco System should be responsible in terms of any remittances (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Decent work and economic growth is another goal. Cisco Systems should provide its employees with decent work and ensure Singapores economic growth through its business activities. The company also has various green initiatives. Responsible Production and consumption by companies are key (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Cisco Systems has a power down system and phones are switched off after working hours and over the weekends. There is minimal paper wastage. Another SDG is Climate Action. Companies must ensure responsibility in greenhouse emissions as it greatly affects the climate. Cisco Systems must strive to ensure that it implements solutions so climate change (Unglobalcompact, 2015). Life below water and Life on Land should also be cared for. Cisco systems must ensure that nothing is done to harm these lives. 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